Ethical Issues and Application of Ethics Theories Case Study

Ethical Issues and Application of Ethics Theories - Case Study Example Similarly, Carly also wants to show the work of young artists in his museum as it was a success in a museum in London. This will affect both Z museum and Carly as a successful show will increase the rating of the museum and will help them become a popular place. Similarly, Carly will also benefit by controlling a successful museum as his standing and worth will increase. The other stakeholder in the case is Jeremy Q. Jeremy Q is going donate a good sum of money to museum in an attempt to increase recognition in the corporate sector, which will give him chance to attract a corporate sponsorship for his collections. So, he may also be affected greatly by the success of the show. M's will also not remain unaffected by the show. They have been forced to become a stakeholder by the persuasion of Jeremy and Carly. Both have offered them to use their services in future if they sponsor the show. This means future financial gains for M's if show becomes a success. Similarly, young painters wi ll get exposure and there may be a change that the success of their painting in the show may lead them to fame. These were some of the stakeholders and how ethical or operational issues impact these stakeholders. According to Manuel Velasquez, Teleology theory states that what make an action good or wrong are the consequences of that action. For example, a "right action" always leads to right consequences and vice versa. In our case, all the stakeholders were working for their own benefits. For example, Jeremy wanted publicity and corporate sponsorship for his collections. Similarly M's wanted more business opportunities in the future and Carly wanted to enhance his reputation. In surge of their own benefits, all the stakeholders were working for the success of Z museum. However, according to Teleology theory, this self-interest is justified as long as the final target is achieved, that is the success of Z museum. However, if the Museum fails to put on a great show, the actions of these stakeholders would be classified as unethical or wrong actions, as suggested by this theory. Similarly, Manuel Velasquez defines Deontology theory as "it is not the consequences but the motivation behind thes e actions that determine the actions right or wrong". In our case everyone was lacking the real spirit and working for their self-interest or personal success (2009). Hence, their actions, according to deontology theory were wrong as they were not working for the success of the Museum, which was the main target, but instead everyone was seeking growth in his own personal stature. However, one cannot classify this behavior as truly negative behavior. According to Shaw, egoism theory sets the personal achievement and pleasure as the main goal for one's actions. The behavior of the stakeholders can be justified if their actions are viewed in the light of this theory. The director was working for his growth in reputation, Jeremy for his publicity, M's for future business. All of them were indirectly putting their efforts for the success of the show at the Museum. Their actions are justified by the egoism and Teleogical theories but, their actions cannot be considered as totally ethical under deontology (2005). In order to analyze the costs and benefits of these actions to Z

African American Culture withing the NYPD Essay

African American Culture withing the NYPD - Essay Example There are various aspects that can be discussed about NYPD and this piece of work focuses on the culture within this police department with much emphasis being given to the African American culture and how it is portrayed within the police department1. Culture is basically a way of life of people and how people interact or relate with one another based on their different backgrounds in terms of race, ethnicity, nationality, beliefs and values, religion, language among other aspects that define a person or community. African American culture entails the cultural aspects or contributions of the Americans that are of African origin to the overall culture in the United States, which could be witnessed either as distinctive or as an integral part of the American culture. The African American culture is an aspect that has got its origin in Africa has had a substantial influence on the American culture through the assimilation of various cultural values most of which are beneficial. Cultural differences among people has been linked with differences in how people treat one another and this is also evident within the New York city police department where there is a very great difference in how the African Americans are treated as compared to people of other races. This, for example, can be seen in the ranking within the department among other issues in regard to general treatment where they are even accused falsely and treated in an inhumane manner to an extent of being killed illegally. The African American culture has been experienced in different ways within the NYPD. A good example is that concerning the music industry specifically rap and hip-hop. New York has been known as the capital of hip hop which has created the hip hop generation. The African American culture has facilitated the use of the hip hop music to perpetrate many aspects some of them being political in nature making it a point of concern to the New Yolk

Cultural Approach to Organisations Theory

Cultural Approach to Organisations Theory The Theory Of Cultural Approach To Organisations Abstract This report will revisit the culture theory proposed by Clifford Geertz how Michael Pacanowsky claims the concept is applicable to an organisation. It will use Whitireia Polytechnic as an example for an organistain culture. When you hear the word ‘culture you often associate it with a persons background, ethnic heritage and race. However, culture is a way of living in an organisation. It is also not limited to a country or city either, even corporate organisations have culture which contain stories, symbols rituals and within it contain sub cultures. You may not even know that this is a part of your everyday life without realising it. This report will help you understand what your organisations culture is like, how this applys to you, whether it can be changed. Introduction Purpose This report is based on the Organisational culture and what I have learned about this theory. The foundations of this theory were created by Clifford in which Michael applied Greetz work into his organisational culture theory. This will help explain (in accordance to the theorists work) what the definition of culture is, what the makings of a culture are and what standards techniques ethnographers use to describe a culture. Scope My first insight into this topic was a first look at communication theory book which gave me an idea of what the topic would be about. I then utilised the resources provided by Whitireia polytechnic which was library databases in which I found little success formation. After trying a variety of databases such as Proquest, Gale proquest etc I found that I could find more sources utilising internet websites. Limitations The only limitations I found was the little use the databases were to me. I also found it difficult to find information by Michael E Paconowsky who is the co creator of the organisational culture theory. I could only find one source which elaborated more on the organisation culture limiting me to using Geertz as a primary source. I did not know whether to attribute this to my searching methods or whether the availability of information was insufficient. Research Methods The databases were of little use to me my primary sources of information came from Articles Internet websites using Google. At first finding information was difficult as I used the library database as my primary source for Information. Although I did find some sources, my primary source of information came from a website which contained a large amount of articles. In regards to my topic this site contained more information then my other internet book sources. Structure Of Report Title page – Followed by an abstract Table of contents Introduction – Includes purpose, scope, research methods, structure of report limitations Literature review – A summary of 6 sources which I used to use for my report Findings – What I have discovered about the theory Conclusion – Includes Summary critique of theory Literature Review Doing Organizational Culture in the Saturn Corporation Retrieved August 10th, 2009 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_1_22/ai_75579345/ Summary This includes an in depth look into the organisational culture in the Saturn Corporation. The Authors who researched this topic discovered how they came to their conclusions by poststructural analysis of the video advertisements, examining metaphors along with interaction interpretation of the organisations culture.. It also gives a chronological description of the significant events concerning the study of organisational culture. It also briefly covers the importance of image metaphors. However its primary focus is on the symbolic meaning of storytelling and the effects it has Saturn on its organisation culture consumer culture Accuracy Validity All three Authors Terry L. Mills, Craig A. Boylstein, Sandra Lorean are experts in the field of Sociology. Terry L. Mills earned his PHD in Sociology in 1996 at the University of Southern Carolina. He has received many honours awards and specialises in many topics concerning the age of sociology organisational organisation. He has conducted a lot of research and has published many of his works in articles, books journals. Terry L. Mills is currently a Professor in the University of Florida and is also a dean for associate affairs. The combined knowledge of these authors is apparent when they outline the history of the study of organisational using it as a base for their evidence in this subject. The concepts in this article are not new, they are simply a tool to back up their research and explain the organisational culture of the Saturn Corporation. Turner, L..H., West, R ., (2007) Introducing Communication Theory (3rd Edition) New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education Summary This book covers a number of theories including the Organisational Culture Theory covering its main points. It also delves more into the organisational side of culture by providing examples and elaborating on concepts created by Michael Pacanowsky including different types of assumptions, rituals, performances symbols etc. It also includes information on Clifford Geertz work and provides an explanation on Thick description, a technique important in Ethnography. Accuracy This information is accurate because it draws from sources which happen to be some of Geertz Pacanowsky most prominent work. It gives clear cut examples and all the examples provided are cited from reliable sources. Geertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Culture (2nd ed). New York: Basic Books Summary This source of information elaborates on the interpretation of culture theory from the perspective of an ethnographer. Greetz who is an ethnographer himself describes his work as being a thick description, which can be described as Intertwined layers of common meaning that underlie what people say or do. In this chapter Greetz describes his experience of a different culture of a foreign landscape. Often puzzled at the events that occur in this culture, his stance on his interpretive approach is not to just simply document what is happens in the culture. It is to reduce the puzzlement and to have a greater understanding of why it happens in the culture. Accuracy Clifford Geertz is a champion of symbolic anthropology. He has made several major publications with his most seminal being Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. His work on interpretive theory has had a major impact in the field of anthropology and his extensive amount ethnographical work in Indonesia Morocco highlands only solidify the validity of his work. He is also the co creator of the cultural approach of organizations theory. Geertz, C. (1973) Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight† Retrieved August 1, 2009, from http://www.si.umich.edu/~rfrost/courses/MatCult/content/Geertz.pdf Summary In this source of information Clifford Geertz gives an insight into the balinise cockfighting culture. This does more than what happens in these cockfights he explains the deeper meaning behind the culture. He stresses that it is much more than about money or entertainment it is about social status: The Cocks are simply there to stand in for men who are engaging in these matches. Clifford also describes the social networking and ins outs of this cockfighting culture. Accuracy Validity This is Clifford Greetz more known works and is essentially one of the core concepts of this topic: Culture. This work is simply an interpretation of a culture and is undoubtedly one of the main reasons why Cultural approach to organisations theory is here today. It is interesting to note that the cockfighting metaphor is applicable to many cultures and everyday life occurrences. Fafaeli, A., Worline, M. Symbols in Organizational Culture. August 22, 2009, from http://iew3.technion.ac.il/Home/Users/anatr/symbol.html Summary This source goes into detail about what symbols are and how they apply to organisational culture. It briefly provides four functions that symbols serve in an organisation and how the use of symbols can provide a deeper understanding in a n organisations culture. Accuracy Validity This has also been referenced in a first look at communication. It has also been published in a number of books and draws some of its concepts from Clifford Geertz work. I can also see the similarities how it relates to the ideas of cultural approach to organisation theory. Both authors have PhDs in their respective fields and have done extensive research on this topic. Ardichvili, A.,Basten, F.,Daley, B.,Kraemer, T.J.,Kuchinke, K.P.,Morgan, G.,Shindell, T.,Short, D.C.,Willis, V. The Role of Metaphors in (Re)producing Organizational Culture. August 3, 2009, from http://www.orleon.nl/publicaties/metaphor_in_hrd.pdf Summary This source discusses metaphors and provides a storyline about the NBS organisation. It talks about how metaphors can describe the NBS organisation in a six part storyline written by employees. The author also provides analysis on the metaphors that were used and what they mean. Accuracy Validity These sources concepts are very similar to those created by Geertz Pacanowsky. Although this source does not reference them there is a clear connection between Pacanowskys idea of metaphorical analysis and this source. Findings Background Of Theorists Clifford Geertz was born in San Francisco, California on August 23, 1926. For two years (1943–45) he served time in the U.S Navy during World War II. He would later attend Antioch College receive his B.A in philosophy. He later studied social anthropology received his PHD from Harvard University. After he taught a number of schools he would join the anthropology staff of the University of Chicago. Subsequently he became a professor in social science at Harvard University in whicch he would receive several honory doctorate degrees from numerous colleges including Cambridge, Harvard Chicago University. After his divorce with Hilderd Greetz he would end up marrying Karren Blu who was also an anthropologist. In his later years his decline in health due to heart complications would eventually catch up to him, he died on October 30, 2006. Outline Of Theories/key Issues What Culture Is; What Culture Is Not Clifford Geertz, a champion in anthropology found through his research that culture is a shared meaning, shared understanding shared sensemaking in â€Å"a web of significance that he (man) has spun.† The foundation of this theory especially from an anthropological perspective can be attributed Clifford Greetz who primarily focused on culture itself. In Clifford Geertz eyes no culture is inferior/superior and no culture can be changed. Thick Description – An Ethnographers Occupation In order to understand a culture one must become an ethnographer. Ethnographers are researchers who immerse themselves within a culture also meaning they are in it for the long term. Clifford Geertz spent a number of years in Southeast Asia North Africa studying various cultures which eventually led him to call his extensive material in his journals to be known as thick descriptions. Thin descriptions would simply describe an event; thick descriptions however would describe an event within a context. His primary example in The Interpretation of Cultures theory describes the puzzlement when something simple as a wink can cause when it is not described within a context. Culture As A Metaphor Of Organisational Life Michael Pacanowsky found Clifford Geertz work helpful and would use work to give a better understanding of organisational culture. This in turn would help give us a better understanding the behaviour of organisations by understanding the way how groups live and interact with one another. Michael Pacanowsky discovered that not only materials such as paperwork were crucial but also analysing the behaviour of how groups operated was equally as important to understanding an organisations culture. As part of his work he used three components to better understand a culture which were metaphors, stories and rituals. Metaphors To understand a shared meaning of a culture Michael Pacanowsky used metaphors to describe the W.L Gore organisation. He used three metaphors to describe this unique culture the first being that Gore was a cluster of peasant villages because of its decentralised environment and focused use of oral communication. This could be attributed to the fact that Gore has an all in this together attitude and though a differential status exists amongst workers, there is a lack of hierarchical authority everyone checks with other â€Å"associates† before making significant decisions. Other metaphors Michael Pacanowsky used to describe Gore was that he saw it as being an improvisational Jazz band because of its like minded workers who liked to try new things and and compared the workers as being factions in Colonial America because of its innovative approach to work. Using metaphors to describe a culture is a valuable tool for ethnography. Stories – A Window Through Which To View Corporate Webs Of Significance Stories are used in to corporate organisations to guide employees to how to function within an organisation. It can also be used as a motivational tool to draw inspiration or to simply give a historical account so that employees may find themselves and become a part of something much bigger than just the corporation. Stories also give ethnographers a way to understand a culture There are three types of stories: Corporate stories, Personal Stories Collegial stories. Corporate Stories Corporate stories are ones that can be seen in pamphlets, advertisements etc. This is the vision of the upper level and management that they want to reinforce; sometimes to the public eye. An example of this would be how a corporate boss who would spend his Christmas Eve working with his employees and would be the last to leave. Personal Stories Personal stories are something that an employee may tell about himself to help identify with other workers or how he would like to be perceived within an organisation. An example of this would be how an elderly worker describing his experience in the workplace prior to the technological dependency and how a pre robot like environment developed more personal interaction and a sense of community amongst workers. Collegial Stories Collegial stories can be positive or negative and are used to describe others in an organisation. An example of this would be how a new manager who has taken has a cut throat approach to his employees and that his technological happy approach would result in a loss of jobs in the organisation. Rather than describe what each story means (doing so is to be done with great caution) it is not the proper way for the ethnographer to dissect each piece and explain every intricate detail, it is to interpret everything as a whole and see the bigger picture. Rituals – The Rites Of A Culture Rituals are existent in all forms of culture the Balinese Cockfight written by Clifford Geertz shows this. Without looking at it without an open mind Balinise cockfighting could be percieved as nothing more than a primitive shallow form of entertainment. However Clifford Geertz insight into the topic shows it is much more then that; it is the Men who are fighting for status and the cocks are simply just a representation of that. An example of this in a corporate organisation would be casual Fridays where formal clothing is optional. Or Free lunch Wednesdays where food is catered and provides an opportunity for staff to interact with one another. Where a ritual such Balinese cockfighting would be considered sacred (although it is illegal) changing or removing it completely would meet much opposition. In a corporate environment with a free spirited approach and lack of formality, changes to rituals would in most cases see little opposition. Application Of Theory I will use a real life example when applying the cultural approach to organisations. My example is about Whitireia Polytechnic. Clifford Geertz talks about Cultures having subcultures and there are many examples of this in Whitireia. A broad example would that every sector of Whitireia e.g BIT, CIT, has its Location can affect cultures an example would be Computer Services the BIT section of Whitireia. Although in an ideal world both would work together in a fluid manner an observation I made was that many of the services provided by Computer services are not known to BIT. When working for my evaluation procurement assignment I noticed that somethings were not communicated to one another effectively this is because of the difference between subcultures. Another example I think applies to this theory is the subculture created by Teachers. Although BIT culture as a whole is relatively the same, the subcultures are different. George Tongariro has a relatively informal style of teaching which is very much ‘alive ‘vibrant. This in turn influences the students especially the ones with who share similar attributes. This type of sub culture would likely clash with another teachers sub culture that has a very reserved formal approach to teaching. Even students have sub cultures w hich result in people having different social circles because tend to socialise with people who have similar values. Stories are told amongst students and teachers, corporate stories I have read are from pamphlets and websites. However the personal collegial accounts were told to me orally from both teachers students. Personal stories I have heard about Whitireia is a students experience with a certain teacher, paper, class etc. A collegial story I have heard students express is their dislike of how work intensive a certain class is. An example of a collegial story I was told in class from a staff member was how they disapproved with how BIT section of Whitireia was run and how it ran without ‘order and how ‘disorganised it was. If I was to document every story in a journal I could create a thick description that would effectively help an outsider understand whitireia polytechnic culture. A Ritual in this context would be performing a practical lab I get given every Tuesdays and Wednesdays in which I must complete within a designated time. Another example would be students playing table tennis or pool at the student centre on their break on a regular basis. You may also notice I used metaphors to help understand the culture present in Whitireia. I have also been at Whitireia Polytechnic for a nearly two years in which (despite the lack of a PHD) adds credibility to how I can apply this organisational culture to this industry. I also tend to hear more positive things about polytechnic and with an increase of students have changed the student sub culture. Evaluation Of Theory I will be using the standards from the book ‘A Look Into Coomunication Theory† book by Em riffim New Understanding Of People Interpretive scholarship is good when it offers fresh insight into the human condition. Geertz Pacanowsky do this by interpreting their readings and using techniques to describe a culture within a context. To have an insight human culture is to have a insight to teh human condition. Clarification Of Values A good theory brings peoples values into the open. Both Greetz Pacanowsky where able to define an organisations culture by using thick descriptions, metaphors, stories rituals. Aesthetic Appeal The appeal of Greetz Pacanowsky theorie is that it used real examples in which they both experienced. The way they convey their research through narratives, stories metaphors also provides an artistic interesting insight and makes their material appealing to read. Especially through the use of metaphors which help illustrate capture the essence of an organisations culture. A community Of Agreement Clifford Geertz is considered to be a champion symbolic anthropology and some of his most famous works such as the Balinise cockfight were innovative ultimately allowed Pacanowsky to apply his ideas into the theory. Although there is some criticism towards organisational culture theory the support is much more apparent within the community. Reform Of Society Change in organisational culture is sometimes considered to be ethically challenging. Understanding an organisational culture is becoming more apparent and is now used for a competitive advantage. Conclusion Summary In summary Clifford Geertz work e.g description of culture, pioneer of ethnography inventor of thick descriptions, combined with Michael Pacanowsys interpretation of organisations through use of stories, metaphors and rituals ultimately lead to a theory that is applicable to many organisational cultures. Stories, metaphors rituals are all practical ways of describing and interpreting a culture. I have also shown a real life example of how applicable it is and though it may not anywhere near the level of Geertz or Pacanowskys work, it should show how this can be used in different types of organisations. Critique Of The Theory As you should know by now Clifford Geertz stance on Culture isnt to change it, it is to understand it. Nor did he wish to interfere or influence culture. Critical theorists however criticise this approach and see a moral obligation to make changes rather then to just describe interpret it. This is not how a researcher who uses the cultural approach to organisation sees it. An ethnographer does not use his research as a tool for change nor does he use it to pass judgement or criticise the morality of a culture. Ethnography is about providing a better understanding and how to function in a culture through symbolic analysis. It is ultimately up an organisation and its staff to make a change. Cultural approach is also not as popular as it used to be. Some say that it is because few people if any can match Clifford Geertz writing style. People have described reading his work is like reading an engrossing novel. This in turn may have affected the aesthetic appeal and until someone who can write as well as he can, resurgence in this theory is questionable. Glossary Of Terms Ethnography: a methodological strategy used to provide descriptions of human societies Ritual: Performaces that reoccur on a regular basis Sub Culture: A Culture within a culture. Thick Description: Explanation of the meaning of layers in a culture References Articles Deep Play: Notes on the Balinise Cockfight Retrieved August 13th, 2009 from www.si.umich.edu/~rfrost/courses/MatCult/content/Geertz.pdf Doing Organizational Culture in the Saturn Corporation Retrieved August 10th, 2009 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_1_22/ai_75579345/ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4339/is_1_22/ai_75579345/?tag=content;col1linise Cockfight Books Geertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Culture (2nd ed). New York: Basic Books Griffim, E. (2006). A First Look at Communication Theory (6th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education Turner, L..H., West, R ., (2007) Introducing Communication Theory (3rd Edition) New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education Internet Sources The Role of Metaphors in (Re)producing Organizational Culture Retrieved August 13th, 2009 from http://docs.google.com/gview?a=vq=cache:MH7Ir3IC9LAJ:www.orleon.nl/publicaties/metaphor_in_hrd.pdf+http://www.orleon.nl/publicaties/metaphor_in_hrd.pdfhl=engl=nz Fafaeli, A., Worline, M. Symbols in Organizational Culture. Retrieved August 22, 2009, from http://iew3.technion.ac.il/Home/Users/anatr/symbol.html ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Retrieved August 13th, 2009 from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch36.html Ardichvili, A.,Basten, F.,Daley, B.,Kraemer, T.J.,Kuchinke, K.P.,Morgan, G.,Shindell, T.,Short, D.C.,Willis, V. The Role of Metaphors in (Re)producing Organizational Culture. August 3, 2009, from http://www.orleon.nl/publicaties/metaphor_in_hrd.pdf

The Representation of Tone in The Turn of the Screw by Henery James Ess

The tone of a novel is defined as a way for the author to express his/her attitude toward such story elements as characters, setting, or situation. Tone is present in every novel any author’s writes, as it is this literary device that sets the mood of the story for the reader. Henry James uses tone very effectively in the novel, The Turn of the Screw. The story begins with a joyful and dreamy mood to frightening and furious in the middle and finishes with sorrow and mournful in the end. The shifts in tone are caused by the changes in attitude and actions by the governess. In the beginning of The Turn of The Screw, the tone is very joyful and dreamy. The story begins with Douglas and friends all telling each other scary stories. It is very peaceful and everyone is enjoying the stories being told. The tone is very joyful as represented by â€Å"Is n’t anybody going? It was almost the tone of hope. Everyone will stay!† (James, 6). This shows that everybody is having fun telling each other scary stories and are willing to stay and wait to here the story from Douglas. It was very hopeful as the stories being told were pleasant for the people around the campfire. The tone remains positive at the beginning of the governess’s story. The governess arrives at the house and sees this beautiful girl who is very polite and is too good for her own self. The governess is very happy that she was able to get the position for the job and to experience all of it that she believes that it is almost a dream. This is shown when she says such a place as would somehow, for diversion of the you idea, take all colour out of story-books and fairy-tales†(James, 16). This proves that the governess believes that everything such as Bly, the place in which they are s... ...clusion, the mood represents that the governess has truly given up on the children and is very sad that nothing else can be done to help them and get rid of the ghosts that are haunting them. In conclusion, the shifts in actions and attitudes of the governess cause the tone to shift throughout the novel. The tone begins with being joyful and dreamy to furious in the middle and mournful in the end. This all concludes, that the literary device tone is very effective in portraying the mood of the story through the characters actions to the reader. Tone is perhaps one of the most important literary devices author’s use to connect the mood of the story to a reader’s heart and really makes them feel for the characters and what they go through. Works Cited James, Henry. The turn of the screw and other short fiction. Bantam classic ed. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1983. Print.

Mother’s Role in Society

ROLE OF MOTHER IN SOCIETY â€Å"Under the feet of one’s mother, lies the Heaven. † Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) â€Å"I remember my mother’s prayers and they have always followed me. They have clung to me all my life. † Abraham Lincoln God created men and women to build life together and to complete one another all lifelong. Hence, Islam opened the door to women to wade through all the fields of struggle in life side by side with men, supporting each other, helping, and completing one another.Moreover, Islam did not separate them in roles, the thing that is clearly shown in God’s saying {The Believers, men and women, are protectors one of another: they enjoin what is just and forbid what is evil. } (9:71). Once we understand that justice embraces everything positive in life, and that evil comprises everything negative in it, we will then realize that men and women are partners in building up life. And just like men are responsible of the society, women a lso are equally responsible of the society they live in.So, outside the framework of the specifically motherhood and fatherhood characteristics where they perform absolutely different functions, men and women have vast areas to conquer, building life shoulder to shoulder as human beings, equal in humanity. Accordingly, we can say that Islam had opened the door to women to enjoy life as a whole, in contrast to what some people may assume that it had tied them down in their characteristics as females.The sphere in which a woman can express her femininity is narrow to a certain extent, because it is restricted to her marital life where her role as a female is mainly revealed, and to her family and feminine milieu where she can show her feminine traits through wearing ornaments or whatever†¦ not to mention motherhood that is the most important feminine role that a woman fulfills. But motherhood itself is not purely a feminine role; all the more so it is a human role in a woman†™s life. Thus, the role of a woman as a human being remains her most essential role in life.She must confirm, in her actions, that she is a person of reason, a person of will, a person of affection, and a person who has a mission to carry out and she should prove that she has the ability to take part in life. So, women’s humanity is the most important aspect in their personality because it is the aspect that symbolizes the aim God (S. W. T) created them to achieve in this world. He created women to contribute to the existence with the faculties they have, just as He created men to contribute to the existence with the abilities they possess.Therefore, we believe that, while the feminine aspect of the woman’s personality is revealed in a delimited sphere, her human aspect is manifested in her whole existence as a woman. Even more, the human aspect of her personality will indeed be integrated with the feminine aspect of her conduct as a female, whether with her husband or within her own specific sensations of femininity. Verily, the aspect of humanity in her will enrich that conduct turning it into a nobler one, and will expand her giving to the partner that she joins in marriage.Every society is made up of blocks of family units. The stronger each block is, the stronger the structure of the society. Families are thus the building blocks, upon which rests the fate of society. For the development of good families, the mother plays a vital role. Many women today have aspirations of progress in their careers, and degrees in various fields. However it is indisputable that the most important achievement of a mother is the raising of sensible, virtuous children who will then move on to build other strong blocks for society.It has been said that it is easy to bear children but it is difficult to raise them well. In that lies the challenge for all women who are mothers. Mother is, likely, one of those few words whose very cite inspires a fountain of emoti ons in the heart of almost every person. As very well said by a wise man, the mother's lap is the first school for every child. Mother is every man's primary wealth. Women are the creator and destroyer of society. Women can make a family, thus making the society a heaven by removing the wrongs and evils from the society.Our society views motherhood as something very special. Mothers should provide security and stability for their children. An ideal mother must sacrifice many of her own wants and desires for the benefit of her child and should teach him/her the ethics of being a good citizen. An ideal mother tries her best to carry out the goal to make her home a paradise for her children. A Muslim mother has a valued and dignified role. Her contribution is acknowledged and appreciated. Her unparalleled gifts to the child have been aptly described by Imam Zaynul `Abidin (a) in Risalatul Huqooq – The Chapter of Rights. It is the right of your mother that you should appreciate t hat she carried you [in her womb] the way nobody carries anybody. She fed you the fruits of her heart which nobody feeds anybody. She protected you [during pregnancy] with her ears, eyes, hands, legs, hair, limbs, [in short] with her whole being, gladly, cheerfully, and carefully; suffering patiently all the worries, pains, difficulties, and sorrows till the hand of God removed you from her and brought you into this world.Then she was most happy, feeding you forgetting her own hunger, clothing you even if she herself had no clothes, giving you milk and water not caring for her own thirst, keeping you in the shade, even if she had to suffer from the heat of the sun, giving you every comfort with her own hardships; lulling you to sleep while keeping herself awake. † The foundation of the family is laid with the decision to marry, and the importance of the mother is evident in Islamic teachings beginning with marriage, conception and then child rearing.As times change, mothers ch ange to meet the new roles that they are expected to play. Gone are the days where most mothers just cared for the family and the home. Mothers today are a lot of things to a lot of people. Mothers still have to fill the mother role, but it is not felt that they are the only ones responsible for rearing the family. What is a mother? It is now harder than ever to answer that question. The role of the mother is infinitely complex. Take any street in any town and ask a mother how they would define their role.All the answers will be different and significantly so. The changing role of mother today includes career issues, responsibility for total home care, education of children, healthy life styles for family, and there is more focus on mother as a person with needs of her own. You didn’t disagree with mom on issues of life styles and how to care for the home. The problem with the role of mothers then and the role they now have is the need to feel that they had to be all things t o all people.Today mothers are not afraid to say what is on their mind and someone think they are not a good wife or mother. The changing role of mothers should not be seen as a bad change, but one that promotes healthy happier life styles for all family members. Mothers will always fill the role of mother, no matter how many changes in life occur. Families today are just realizing the importance of all the roles mothers have played in the past and how her role is changing for the better.Women can change the society’s lookout and so they are only responsible for its upliftment or downfall. We all are greatly influenced by our Mothers. She remains a great reservoir of inspiration for all of us throughout our lives. Mothers not only inspire and make us good human beings but also bring smile on our faces. Mother’s value as a role model and keeper is undeniable. There is no substitute to mother for a baby. Mother plays a keystone role in bringing up newborn. Mother’ s role is not limited to newborns only.Mothers have to play a lively role even after their babies are grown up regardless of their age. In most of the Asian countries, mother is considered as symbol of strength and integrity and binding force for a family. Mother also plays a critical role in career building of her child, as mother best knows the capabilities, strengths and weaknesses in her kid and can better guide her child to choose the right profession. As mothers, are the one who mould their children into bright, beautiful, pure and strong itizens, we assign a special place to women in the society. It is therefore all the more important that the girls who are studying presently, should train themselves in such a way that they can live up to the ideals and aspirations of future woman. In conclusion, if we want a good society, first of all we have to look for a good mother, as a mother is not only a school, but she is also the life, origin of human. FIRDOUS AHMAD DAR _ myfirm. [e mail  protected] com; [email  protected] com

Social Responsibility Theory

Social Responsibility Theory To combat the pressures that threatened freedom of the press, this theory was first introduced in 1947 and was recommended by the Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press. It stated that the media should serve the public, and in order to do so, should remain free of government interference. It defined guidelines that the media should follow in order to fulfill its obligation of serving the public. Ethics and the Media The Social Responsibility Theory claimed that the media could be self-regulating by adhering to the following precepts: †¢ Media has obligations to fulfill to a democratic society in order to preserve freedom. †¢ Media should be self-regulated. †¢ Media should have high standards for professionalism and objectivity, as well as truth and accuracy. †¢ Media should reflect the diversity of the cultures they represent. †¢ The public has a right to expect professional performance. The proponents of this theory had strong faith in the public’s ability to determine right and wrong, and take action to preserve the public good when necessary. ) The social responsibility does not only fall upon the reporters and producers of media. The responsibility also falls to the consumers to become media literate and maintain high, yet reasonable expectations of the media. In theory, if these things happen, there will be no need for government intervention. The Social Resp onsibility Theory was set forth as the ideal way for the media to conduct business. Over the years since its introduction, this theory has met with much criticism as well as support. It has become the standard for United States media practices. It has also set the standards for much of the currently accepted media ethics. [pic] [pic]Since the Hutchins Commission produced its famous theory, the United States has developed better educated journalists, seen a reduction in news sensationalism and enjoyed more accuracy in reporting. Many journalists are now also advocates for the public and for social issues and reform, getting heir messages out through the media. Read more at Suite101: What is the Social Responsibility Theory? : Written by the Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press http://press-freedom. suite101. com/article. cfm/what_is_the_social_responsibility_theory#ixzz0hYd9u8dH Social responsibility Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual has a responsibility to society at large. This responsibility can be â€Å"negative†, meaning there is exemption from blame or liability, or it can be â€Å"positive,† meaning there is a responsibility to act beneficently (proactive stance). Businesses can use ethical decision making to secure their businesses by making decisions that allow for government agencies to minimize their involvement with the corporation. (Kaliski, 2001) For instance if a company is proactive and follows the United States Environmental Protection Agency? EPA) guidelines for emissions on dangerous pollutants and even goes an extra step to get involved in the community and address those concerns that the public might have; they would be less likely to have the EPA investigate them for environmental concerns. â€Å"A significant element of current thinking about privacy, however, stresses â€Å"self-regulation† rather than market or government mechanisms for protecting personal information† (Swire , 1997) Most rules and reg ulations are formed due to public outcry, if there is not outcry there often will be limited regulation. Critics argue that Corporate social responsibility (CSR) distracts from the fundamental economic role of businesses; others argue that it is nothing more than superficial window-dressing; others argue that it is an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations (Carpenter, Bauer, & Erdogan, 2009). Socially responsible Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, responsible business, sustainable responsible (SRB), or corporate social performance,[1] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure their adherence to law, ethical standards, and international norms. Business would embrace responsibility for the impact of their activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stockholders and all other members of the public sphere For each business, different measures are taken in consideration to classify a business as â€Å"socially responsible†. Each business attempts to reach different goals. There are four areas that should be measured regardless of the outcome needed: Economic function, Quality of life, Social investment and Problem solving. [citation needed] that is trying to be achieved should be measured to see if it meets with the cost guidelines that the business is willing to contribute. [edit] Emerging Normative Status of Social Responsibility Social responsibility as a non-binding, or soft law principle has received some normative status in relation to private and public corporations in the United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Universal Declation on Bioethics and Human Rights developed by the UNESCO International Bioethics Committee particularly in relation to child and maternal welfare. (Faunce and Nasu 2009) The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is developing an international standard to provide guidelines for adopting and disseminating social responsibility: ISO 26000 – Social Responsibility. Due for publication in 2010, this standard will â€Å"encourage voluntary commitment to social responsibility and will lead to common guidance on concepts, definitions and methods of evaluation. † (ISO, 2009) The standard describes itself as a guide for dialogue and action, not a constraining or certifiable management standard. Social Responsibility |[pi|Practiced in the US in the 20th century | |c] | |[pi|Purpose is to inform, entertain, sell, but also to raise conflict to the plane of discussion | |c] | | |[pi|Ownership is private | |c] | | The social responsibility theory is an outgrowth of the libertarian theory. However, social responsibility goes beyond â€Å"objective† reporting to â€Å"interpretive† reporting. A truthful, complete account of the news is not necessarily enough today, notes the Commission on the Freedom of the Press: â€Å"It is no longer enough to report the fact [pic]truthfully. It is now necessary to report the truth about the fact. † Today's complex world often necessitates analysis, explanation, and interpretation. As the Commission stated in 1940: The emerging theory does not deny the rationality of man, although it puts far less confidence in it than the libertarian theory, but it does seem to deny that man is innately motivated to search for truth and to accept it as his guide. Under the social responsibility theory, man is viewed not so much irrational as lethargic. He is capable of using his reason but he is loath to do so. If man is to remain free, he must live by reason instead of passively accepting what he sees, hears, and feels. Therefore, the more alert elements of the community must goad him into the exercise of his reason. Without such goading man is not likely to be moved to seek truth. The languor which keeps him from using his gift of reason extends to all public discussion. Man's aim is not to find truth but to satisfy his immediate needs and desires. It is the press, therefore, that must be the â€Å"more alert element† and keep the public informed, for an informed populace is the cornerstone of democracy. Today's large media conglomerates, however, may not function naturally as a public forum, where all ideas are shared and available. â€Å"The owners and managers of the press determine which persons, which facts, which versions of these facts, shall reach the public,† writes the Commission. In this same light, Siebert, Peterson and Schramm warn: †¦ he power and near monopoly position of the media impose on them an obligation to be socially responsible, to see that all sides are fairly presented and that the public has enough information to decide; and that if the media do not take on themselves such responsibility it may be necessary for some other agency of the public to enforce it. The Canons of Journalism, adopted by the America n Society of Newspaper Editors addresses these same obligations when it calls on newspapers to practice responsibility to the general welfare, sincerity, truthfulness, impartiality, fair play, decency, and respect for the individual's privacy. Siebert, Peterson and Schramm also note that â€Å"freedom of expression under the social responsibility theory is not an absolute right, as under pure libertarian theory†¦. One's right to free expression must be balanced against the private rights of others and against vital social interests. † For example, it likely would not be socially responsible to report how the terrorist, using some new method, evaded security measures and smuggled a bomb onto a commercial airline.

Old and New Architecture in Vienna, Austria

Old and New Architecture in Vienna, Austria Vienna, Austria, by the Danube River, has a mixture of architecture representing many periods and styles, ranging from elaborate Baroque-era monuments to a 20th century rejection of high ornamentation.  The history of Vienna, or  Wien as its called, is as rich and complicated as the architecture that portrays it. The city doors are open to celebrate architecture - and anytime is a great time to visit. Being centrally located in Europe, the area was settled early on by both the Celts and then the Romans. It has been the capital of the Holy Roman Empire and the  Austro-Hungarian Empire. Vienna has been invaded both by marauding armies and medieval plagues. During the Second World War, it ceased to exist completely as it was enveloped by Nazi Germany. Yet today we still think of Vienna as the home of the Strauss waltz and the Freudian dream. The influence of Wiener Moderne or Vienna Modern architecture on the rest of the world was as profound as any other movement in history. Visiting Vienna Perhaps the most iconic structure in all of Vienna is the Gothic St. Stephans Cathedral. First begun as a Romanesque cathedral, its construction throughout the ages displays the influences of the day, from Gothic to Baroque all the way up to its patterned tile roof. Wealthy aristocratic families like the Liechtensteins may have first brought the ornate Baroque style of architecture (1600-1830) to Vienna. Their private summer home, the Garden Palais Liechtenstein from 1709, combines Italian villa-like details on the outside with ornate Baroque interiors. It is open to the public as an art museum. The Belvedere is another Baroque palace complex from this time period, the early 1700s. Designed by Italian-born architect Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (1668-1745), Belvedere Palace and Gardens is popular eye-candy for the Danube River cruise-taker. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor from 1711 to 1740, is perhaps responsible for bringing Baroque architecture to the ruling class of Vienna. At the height of the Black Plague pandemic, he vowed to build a church to St. Charles Borromeo if the plague would leave his city. It did, and the magnificent Karlskirche (1737) was first designed by Baroque master architect Johann Bernard Fischer von Erlach.  Baroque architecture reigned during the time of Charles daughter, Empress Maria Theresa (1740-80), and her son Joseph II (1780-90). Architect Fischer von Erlach also designed and rebuilt a country hunting cottage into a summer royal getaway, the Baroque Schà ¶nbrunn Palace. Viennas Imperial Winter Palace remained The Hofburg. By the mid-1800s, the former city walls and military enforcements that protected the city center were demolished. In their place, Emperor Franz Joseph I launched a massive urban renewal, creating what has been called the most beautiful boulevard in the world, the Ringstrasse. Ring Boulevard is lined with over three miles of monumental, historically-inspired neo-Gothic and neo-Baroque buildings. The term Ringstrassenstil is sometimes used to describe this mix of styles. The Museum of Fine Arts and the Renaissance Revival Vienna Opera House (Wiener Staatsoper) were constructed during this time.  Burgtheater, Europes second-oldest theater, was first housed in Hofburg Palace before this new theater was built in 1888. Modern Vienna The Viennese Secession movement at the turn of the 20th century launched a revolutionary spirit in architecture. Architect Otto Wagner (1841-1918) combined traditional styles and Art Nouveau influences. Later, architect Adolf Loos (1870-1933) established the stark, minimalist style we see at The Goldman and Salatsch Building. Eyebrows raised when Loos built this modern structure across from the Imperial Palace in Vienna. The year was 1909, and the Looshaus marked an important transition in the world of architecture. Yet, the buildings of Otto Wagner may have influenced this modernist movement. Some have called Otto Koloman Wagner the Father of Modern Architecture. For certain, this influential Austrian helped move Vienna from Jugendstil (Art Nouveau) into 20th-century architectural practicality. Wagners influence on the architecture of Vienna is felt everywhere in that city, as noted by Adolf Loos himself, who in 1911 is said to have called Wagner the greatest architect in the world. Born on July 13, 1841 in Penzig near Vienna, Otto Wagner was educated at the Polytechnic Institute in Vienna and Kà ¶nigliche Bauakademie in Berlin, Germany. He then went back to Vienna in 1860 to study at the Akademie der bildenden Kà ¼nste (Academy of Fine Arts), graduating in 1863. He was trained in the Neoclassical fine art style that was ultimately rejected by the Secessionists. Otto Wagners architecture in Vienna is stunning. The distinctive tiled facade of the Majolika Haus makes this 1899 apartment building desired property even today. The Karlsplatz Stadtbahn rail station that once  inked urban Vienna with its growing suburbs in 1900 is so revered an example of beautiful  Art Nouveau architecture that it was moved piece by piece to a safer venue when the railroad upgraded. Wagner ushered in modernism with the Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1903-1912) - the Banking Hall of the Ãâ€"sterreichische Postsparkasse also brought the modern banking function of paper transactions to Vienna. The architect returned to Art Nouveau with the 1907 Kirche am Steinhof or Church of St. Leopold at Steinhof Asylum, a beautiful church designed especially for the mentally ill. Wagners own villas in  Hà ¼tteldorf, Vienna best express his transformation from his neoclassical training to Jugendstil. Why is Otto Wagner Important? Art Nouveau in Vienna, a new art known as Jugendstil.Vienna Secession, founded in 1897 by a union of Austrian artists, Wagner was not a founder but is associated with the movement. The Secession was based on the belief that art and architecture should be of its own time and not a revival or imitation of historic forms such as Classical, Gothic, or Renaissance. On the Secession exhibition hall in Vienna are these German words: der zeit ihre kunst (to every age its art) and der kunst ihre freiheit (to art its freedom).Vienna Moderne, a transitional time in European architecture. The Industrial Revolution was offering new construction materials and processes, and, like architects of the Chicago School, a group of artists and architects in Vienna were finding their way to what we consider Modernity. Architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable has described it as a time full of genius and contradiction, characterized by a kind of bipolar architecture of simple, geometric designs adorned with fanciful Jugendstil ornamentation. Moderne Architektur, Wagners 1896 book on modern architecture continues to be studied.Urban Planning and Iconic Architecture in Vienna:   The Steinhof Church and the Majolikahaus are even pictured on coffee mugs available to purchase as souvenirs. Otto Wagner, Creating Iconic Architecture for Vienna The same year Louis Sullivan was suggesting a form follows function in American skyscraper design, Otto Wagner was describing aspects of modern architecture in Vienna in his translated declaration that something impractical cannot be beautiful. His most important writing is perhaps the 1896 Moderne Architektur, in which he asserts the case for Modern Architecture: A certain practical element with which man is imbued today simply cannot be ignored, and ultimately every artist will have to agree with the following proposition: Something impractical cannot be beautiful. - Composition, p. 82 All modern creations must correspond to the new materials and demands of the present if they are to suit modern man. - Style, p. 78 Things that have their source in modern views correspond perfectly to our appearance....things copied and imitated from old models never do....A man in a modern traveling suit, for example, fits in very well with the waiting room of a train station, with sleeping cars, with all our vehicles; yet would we not stare if we were to see someone dressed in clothing from the Louis XV period using such things? - Style, p. 77 The room that we inhabit should be as simple as our clothing....Sufficient light, a pleasant temperature, and clean air in rooms are very just demands of man....If architecture is not rooted in life, in the needs of contemporary man...it will just cease to be an art. - The Practice of Art, pp. 118, 119, 122 Composition also entails artistic economy. By this I mean a moderation in the use and treatment of forms handed down to us or newly created that corresponds to modern ideas and extends to everything possible. This is especially true for those forms that are considered high expressions of artistic feeling and monumental exaltation, such as domes, towers, quadrigae, columns, etc. Such forms, in any case, should be used only with absolute justification and sparingly, since their overuse always produces the opposite effect. If the work being created is to be a true reflection of our time, the simple, the practical, the - one might almost say - military approach must be fully and completely expressed, and for this reason alone everything extravagant must be avoided. - Composition, p. 84 Todays Vienna Todays Vienna is a showplace of architectural innovation. Twentieth-century buildings include  Hundertwasser-Haus, a brilliantly colored, unusually shaped building by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, and a controversial glass and steel structure, the 1990 Haas Haus by Pritzker Laureate Hans Hollein. Another Pritzker architect took the lead converting the century-old and historically protected industrial buildings of Vienna into what today is known as  Jean Nouvel Buildings Gasometers Vienna  - a massive urban complex with offices and shops that became adaptive reuse on a grand scale. In addition to the Gasometer project, Pritzker Laureate Jean Nouvel has designed housing units in Vienna, as have the Pritzker winners Herzog and de Meuron on Pilotengasse.  And that apartment house on the Spittelauer Lnde? Another Pritzker Laureate, Zaha Hadid. Vienna continues to make architecture in a big way, and they want you to know that Vienna’s architecture scene is thriving. Sources The Dictionary of Art Vol. 32, Grove, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 760-763Vienna Moderne (November 26, 1978), Architecture, Anyone? by Ada Louise Huxtable, University of California Press, 1986, p. 100Modern Architecture by Otto Wagner, A Guidebook for His Students to This Field of Art, edited and translated by Harry Francis Mallgrave, The Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1988 (translated from the 1902 third edition)

Eastern University Admissions and Tuition

Eastern University Admissions and Tuition Eastern University Admissions Overview: Eastern University is not highly selective, as it has a 61% acceptance rate. Students will generally need solid grades and test scores in order to be admitted. To apply, prospective students need to submit a completed application (online or through the mail), scores from the SAT or ACT, an academic reference, and a high school transcript. There is an essay question students can choose to respond to, although it is not required. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Eastern University Acceptance Rate: 61%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 470 / 570SAT Math: 460 / 570SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 19  / 23ACT English: 18 / 24ACT Math: 17  / 25What these ACT numbers mean Eastern University Description: A Christian university affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA, Eastern University is located on a suburban campus in St. Davids, Pennsylvania, just west of Philadelphia  (see  all Philadelphia area colleges). Started as a department of the Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary in 1925, the University became its own entity in 1952, moving to its present location. Eastern University is committed to an education grounded in Christian faith, reasoning, and justice. The main undergraduate campus offers 35 majors and 34 minors (some of the most common majors include business, finance, and ministry), and professional fields such as education and nursing are quite popular. The universitys 14 to 1 student to faculty ratio allows for small classes and opportunities for students to work with their professors on a more individual basis. On the athletic front, the Eastern Eagles compete in the NCAA Division III Middle Atlantic Conferences. The college fields seven mens and nine wome ns intercollegiate sports as well as several club sports. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 3,420  (2,082 undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 30% Male / 70% Female85% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $31,140Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $10,674Other Expenses: $3,330Total Cost: $46,344 Eastern University Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100%Loans: 76%Average Amount of AidGrants: $21,137Loans: $8,316 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Elementary Education, Nursing, Psychology, Youth MinistryWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 78%4-Year Graduation Rate: 55%6-Year Graduation Rate: 65% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Track and Field, Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Soccer, Lacrosse, Tennis, Cross Country  Womens Sports:  Basketball, Volleyball, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross Country, Soccer, Field Hockey, Softball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Eastern and the Common Application Eastern University uses the  Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples If You Like Eastern University, You May Also Like These Schools: Drexel University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphArcadia University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLa Salle University: Profile  Pennsylvania State University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCabrini College: Profile  Marywood University: Profile  Albright College: Profile  Shippenburg University of Pennsylvania: ProfileAlvernia University: Profile  Temple University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMessiah College: Profile  Liberty University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBloomsburg University of Pennsylvania: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

How an Executive Coach Can Help Boost Your Career

How an Executive Coach Can Help Boost Your Career Eden Abrahams has a life so fascinating, we almost wanted to interview her on that alone. She’s worked internationally as a strategist and corporate communications expert, and moved on from there to become a respected executive coach and the head of Clear Path Executive Coaching. She took some time out of her busy day to speak with us about the challenges a modern executive faces.Why would an executive need coaching?To borrow an acronym used by the U.S. military, we are living in a VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous) world, which demands a different kind of leader than the old command-and-control model that worked when companies were hierarchical and the operating environment wasn’t in a continuous state of flux. Executives today in just about every sector are grappling with increasingly complex challenges that demand new ways of thinking, problem solving, decision making and relating to others. High-performing leaders aren’t born with these skills. They develop them by cultivating self-awareness; a flexible, adaptive mindset; and a commitment to continued learning and experimentation.Executive coaches can play a valuable role in helping leaders and managers clarify their goals at critical junctures in their career and acquire the right tools and perspective to evolve, advance, and thrive. Partnering with a coach can help executives improve their emotional intelligence capabilities, learn from past mistakes, strengthen their reflective and strategic thinking capabilities, and create time for meaningful non-work pursuits that provide balance and perspective. In many cases, executive coaching engagements also focus on building or improving skills related to effective communicating, executive presence, and time management.What unique challenges do executives face in their careers?Executives face many external challenges as they navigate their careers. Flatter, leaner organizations mean there are fewer opportunities for linear adv ancement, and even relatively senior managers need to be skilled at the art of influencing without authority to operate successfully in these environments. Trends like globalization, rapid technological innovation, and demographic shifts have dramatically altered the employment landscape, resulting in a â€Å"new normal† characterized by job insecurity, a more opportunistic and less loyal workforce, and greater pressure on executives to deliver results in a shorter time frame.Concurrently, the search for meaning at work is a powerful internal driver that is redefining – for many of us, at all stages of our careers – what a fulfilling career looks like. Particularly in wealthy, developed economies, the belief that we should find purpose and self-actualization at work – and not just in our extracurricular activities and relationships – is much more prevalent than it was even a generation ago. Executives who work in organizations that don’t off er significant opportunities for professional development, personal growth or community service should be thinking proactively about how to address that deficit, both for their own benefit and to promote greater employee engagement.On a practical level, the takeaway is that all of us, executives included, would do well to adapt an entrepreneurial mindset when it comes to managing our careers. Because in a VUCA world, thinking of yourself as â€Å"labor for hire† is a far riskier strategy than remaining nimble, dynamic and in perpetual upgrade mode – just like any good start-up does.When transitioning to a new career, what should an executive be aware of?Whether you’re looking to change jobs, employers or careers, making the transition successfully requires having 1) a good understanding of your value proposition, including your transferable skills, 2) a compelling story that highlights your professional journey, noteworthy accomplishments, interesting experience s and personal interests, and 3) a robust, diversified network that will help you learn about interesting opportunities, make serendipitous connections and explore new directions and possibilities that may not yet be on your radar screen. Finally, before you accept an offer, make sure you’ve done adequate due diligence on the company culture and have a clear understanding of your role, your mandate and how your performance will be evaluated.Is it really â€Å"lonely at the top†? What should executives do when they feel overwhelmed?In a 2013 poll conducted by Stanford University, nearly two thirds of the CEOs surveyed said they lacked outside leadership advice – but nearly 100% of them said they wanted it. So yes, it can definitely feel lonely at the top, but it doesn’t have to. When you’re taking risks with limited visibility, making decisions that have enterprise-wide impact and communicating a vision to inspire and motivate your team, it’s critical to have a robust support network. Many senior executives, including CEOs, find value in joining small, facilitated peer discussion groups where they can confidentially talk through critical issues with others who’ve grappled with similar challenges. Having an objective, outside collaborator to serve as a sounding board and confidante – someone who’s invested in your success and isn’t afraid to ask tough questions or offer an alternative perspective – can also be quite helpful. An executive coach can play that role, as can a trusted mentor or advisor.What trends in executive hiring should we be keeping an eye on?Here are two that I find particularly interesting:1. According to a recent survey conducted by HBS professor Boris Groysberg, along with the executive skills that are considered most desirable by companies today – leadership, strategic thinking and execution, technical and technology skills, team- and relationship-building, communication and presentation, change management and integrity – having a â€Å"global outlook† and â€Å"meaningful international experience† are becoming increasingly sought-after attributes for C-suite hires. Another evolving trend is the preference for team-player leaders vs. bossy stars.2. One of the key findings that emerged from a â€Å"source of hire† survey conducted last year by performance-based hiring expert Lou Adler is that interpersonal loyalty is an increasingly important factor in securing a new job. In a recent LinkedIn post, he wrote that â€Å"being referred by someone you know – whether the person contacted you or you contacted them – seems to be becoming the new default for getting another job. While company loyalty might be on the decline, it appears interpersonal loyalty is on the rise.† According to Adler, over half (56%) of all jobs are either filled by internal candidates or by people the hiring manager kno ws personally or has sourced via trusted peers and colleagues. So, more than ever, it pays to keep your contacts current, and close.

Figure from American History Ronald Reagan Scholarship Essay

Figure from American History Ronald Reagan - Scholarship Essay Example The paper says that security is key to the stability of the American economy. This had an overall effect of increased economic prosperity. However, with the recent trends of Arab uprising and American intervention, there arises a security concern directly linked to terrorism. The motive behind US intervention is unknown, but arming locals to topple governments after which the recovery of such weapons becomes impossible is a serious issue which calls for a decisive solution to the problem of terrorism. Global inflation is another issue with which I would want Reagan to give me his views upon. America plays an important role in its involvement in international affairs and a curious issue I would want to discuss with him is the increasing Chinese presence in developing countries and whether this issue undermines American interests abroad in any way and if so what policies would he have implemented to contain china’s increasing influence in those spheres. To sum up, I think Reagan is unique in that he is able to elaborate on the issue of security more amicably than anyone else. His policies would be much effective in solving the current global problems that the world is experiencing such as; inflation, global warming, terrorism and the proliferation of arms in the unstable Arab world. Security has always been on top of the priorities of America, thus it would be prudent to get involved in an intellectual discourse with someone well versed in security matters. That person would be Ronald Reagan!!!

Global Issues- Global Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Issues- Global Revolution - Essay Example Most employees these days prefer to hire children to adults. I hope u know I got married. My dear Sarah works at the nearby postal office. However, at the moment, she is not at work since the postal workers are on strike demanding for increased wages. The working conditions in the factory where I work are not very human. There is a lot of smoke and we are not provided with any protective gear from the heavy machines. I must confess to you that I rarely have any spare time I can call leisure. I work in the factory for over twelve hours a day and cycles for one hour to reach my abode. The government seems to have totally forgotten about us and its focus is on annexing foreign territories across the oceans. Surely Maxwell, I find no reason why I should be staying in pathetic living conditions just because the government has no clear policies on settlement. The lighting is very poor and I am not even assured of my security. Let me not talk about many ills here lest you accuse me of a misconceived mindset. I nevertheless believe that England is a great country. At least we can boast about the good roads that are coming up and the railway industry that seems to boom. Most people can also find work despite the low

Why we should have a Black President Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why we should have a Black President - Essay Example The United States should have an African, or Black President, because it's the only way to demonstrate principles of equal human rights in actual fact. All the history of the United States has never been anything but a chain of white male presidents. Oddly, little has been said about this embarrassing subject. Of course, America probably has to break a few more social barriers before a black president could be elected. To be frank, a lot of people are not ready to have a black man or woman as President. On the other hand, there are a lot of progressive people, black and white, concerned that democratic principles should be implemented in the real life indeed.Electing of African President in 2008 will help to attract an attention of publicity to the problems of black community, such as educational, health, social, political and other issues. According to the recent Gallup Survey on "Black-White Relations" cited in Cronc, seven out of ten whites believe that blacks are treated equally in their communities: an optimism with which only 40 percent of blacks agree. Eight in ten whites say blacks receive equal educational opportunities, and 83 percent say blacks receive equal housing opportunities in their communities. Only a third of whites believe blacks face racial bias from police in their areas. If a Black President is elected in the United States in 2008, these problems will more likely to be solved. (1999)I think that the main benefit of Black President is providing the United States with the real equality in all areas of life. Also it will show to every black person that there is nothing impossible for him or her in self-development. Self-confidence of colored people will serve as a powerful tool for further development of democracy in the United States. Also, Black President will stimulate black people to get involved in the political process. If we have a black woman as a President, feminist's movement will also become more politically active and more significant. The idea of America having its first Black president has resonated with many African-Americans over the years, especially with the emergence of Illinois Senator Barack Obama. Obama is the third African American since the Reconstruction Era to serve in the United States Senate. He is also the only African American currently serving in the Senate. Obama showed he had national appeal last year, when he delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention. Though he was not even elected into office yet, dreams of a black President popped into the heads of many African Americans who watched as Obama electrified an audience of all races. Obama is not the first African American to show national appeal as a potential presidential candidate. The Rev. Jesse Jackson ran twice in the 1980s, and though he did not win the White House Jackson showed that he had enormous appeal outside of the African-American community. Jackson managed to attract 6.9 million votes from Urban Blacks, Hispanics, poor rural whites, farmers, factory workers, feminists, homosexuals and white progressives. One more step to an African President is Bill Clinton, who often is referred to as the "black president" because he was so receptive to the needs of African Americans and because he worked to include them in the political process more than any other president. Reasons cited here for Clinton's popularity among blacks include his poor Southern upbringing and underdog status, the fact that he appointed more blacks to his cabinet and other federal posts than any other president, and good timing (he came into office after three consecutive Republican administrations). But perhaps the biggest factor discussed is the genuine ease with which Clinton relates to black Americans. Blacks trust him to consider their perspective and do not view him as just another white politician who appears only during election years. This is not to say that Clinton always did their bidding; he often disappointed them. But they also shared common enemies and a common outlook that brought

Consumers' Attitude toward Brand Extensions Dissertation

Consumers' Attitude toward Brand Extensions - Dissertation Example I would first like to thank my tutor who offered valued and constructive advice on how to put this piece of work together. I would like to thank my family for allowing me the space to work and contributed through support for this endeavour. I would also like to thank the University for contributing significantly to my education to get me the point of being able to complete this work. Contents Contents Contents 5 Figures 7 Abstract 8 Chapter One: Introduction 9 1.1 Background 9 1.2 Aim and Objectives 10 1.2.1 Aims 10 1.2.2 Objectives 10 1.3 Research Design 11 1.3.1 Theoretical Frameworks 11 1.3.2 Purpose of the Study 12 1.4 Structure of Study 12 Chapter Two: Literature Review 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Brand 14 2.2.1 Brand Equity 15 2.2.2 Brand Mythology 18 2.2.3 Global Brand Power 20 2.2.4 Brand Extensions 21 2.3 Consumer Behaviour 23 2.3.1 Attitude Theory 25 2.3.2 Expectancy Value Theory 26 2.4 Summary 26 Chapter Three: Methodology 28 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Research 29 3.2.1 Resear ch Questions 29 3.2.2 Secondary Research 30 3.2.3 Primary Research 30 3.2.4 Questionnaires/Surveys 31 3.2.5 Sampling 32 3.2.6 Pilot Study 33 3.3 Research Study 34 3.3.1 Research Subject 34 3.3.2 Data Analysis 34 3.3.3 Limitations 35 3.4 Ethics 36 3.5 Summary 36 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 37 4.1Introduction 37 4.2 Quantitative Research 38 4.2 1 Demographics 38 4.2.2 Questionnaire Results 39 4.3 Qualitative Research 45 4.3.1 Group Interview 45 4.3.2 Observation 49 4.4 Discussion 50 4.5 Summary 51 Chapter Five: Conclusion 52 5.1 Introduction 52 5.2 Motivating Consumers 53 5.3 Decision Making Process 55 5.4 Responses to New Products 56 5.5 Reputation 56 5.6 Consumer Types 58 5.7 Consumer Attitudes 59 References 61 Appendixes 63 Appendix 1: Questionnaire 63 Appendix 2: Interview Questions 66 Figures Fig. 1 Stakeholder Journey (Fisher-Buttinger and Valaster 2003: 206) Fig. 2 Brand Extension Longevity from Originating Product (Kapferer 2008: 334) Fig 3 Male to Female Ratio compar ed to Male to Female Brand Buying Habits Fig. 4 Trust in a Brand Fig 5 Meaning Associated with using a Brand Name Fig 6 Comparison of Trust and Meaning of a Brand Name Abstract The following paper has been written in order to explore the nature of consumer attitudes towards brand extension. The research has been conducted through a mixed methodology with quantitative research conducted through a questionnaire format, and qualitative research conducted through both a group interview format and a period of observation on the response to brand extensions within a retail venue. The results show that while consumers wish to believe that each product is assessed purely on its own merits, the truth of their experience is that they will more likely try a new product that is brought onto the market by a trusted brand than one that has a brand name that is unfamiliar, even if it is the same product. As well, a product that merely carries a brand name, but without attributes of any of the prod ucts that are carried by that brand, will be suspect and will not have the same power. It is the conclusion of this research that a brand extension provides a powerful resource for expanding a business if done with the power and equity built by that brand in consideration of relatable attributes.

ECO MOD 2 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECO MOD 2 CA - Essay Example This was mainly due to the impairment charges of  £973mn related to ex-Armor Holdings business. BAE: The net operating cash flow has a mixed trend declining by 17.9% in 2008 and then growing by 9.1% in 2009. This is due to the company facing difficulties in generating net income from its operations. Upon examination of note 12 to balance sheet for the year ended 2009 it could be suggested that the machinery and other equipment recorded at historical cost of CHF677.9mn and accumulated depreciation is CHF477.7mn may not be reflective of the current market values as the depreciation amount is quite high that suggests long history of these equipments in use. Similar, reasoning could be made for other non-current assets that have a net book value of CHF53.4mn as compared to their historical value of CHF223.2mn (Sulzer 2009). Balance sheet of year ended 2009 reflects that the company has plant, rental machines and other property at historical cost of $39,596 with accumulated depreciation of $25,431. Under Note H to consolidated financial statement details of assets suggest that the company has land, building and other equipment however they are not distinguished on the basis of their remaining useful lives and no other details are provided (IBM 2009). Accumulated depreciation reflects 64% of the historical value that implies that these assets are quite old but the current values of replacement assets surely going to be higher than these values. From the note 12 it is clear that the accumulated depreciation is more than 50% for plant and machinery and aircraft. This implies that the remaining useful life of these assets is low and their net book values may not reflect the true value of these assets in their book. The depreciation method used for plant and machinery is straight line method that spreads the economic value over 3 to 5 years which means that the accumulated depreciation value implies high number of years

Draft Report 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Draft Report 1 - Essay Example Notably, Valentine’s day also marks a remarkable consumption rate of chocolate and candy. This is because of the gift-culture in the United States, whereby many people prefer buying chocolates for those they love and treasure ("Hot Chocolates" 182). Many of those buying gifts are usually consumers themselves. Without doubt, chocolate and candy have a ready market more than in any other country across the globe. As highlighted above, the United States registers the highest consumption of chocolate and candy. However, it is worth noting that some brands of chocolate consumed by many Americans have lasted for the last 50 years. They are established chocolate and candy brands with a unique taste and quality (Research and Markets). They are given reverence as premium chocolates because of their outstanding taste and quality over the years. Companies such as Hershey and Mars have the leading percentage of the market share and are the main suppliers of chocolate and candy in the United States. Although chocolate is a preferred snack in the United States, this does not mean that businesses operating in this industry do not have to indulge in rigorous research. Notably, the American consumer is very specific with taste when it comes to snacks and chocolate (Kim, Lopetcharat, and Drake 4850). Moreover, there is a varied preference for either dark chocolate or milk chocolate. These are some of the factors that companies with the leading market share have often considered in a bid to maintain their market position. There is evidence that the packing of the chocolate has the potential to evoke different feelings to the consumer. This gives manufacturers of candy and chocolates a new task of ensuring that the packaging of the chocolate evokes emotions such as desire, satisfied, joy, and pride. Chocolate packs evoking such emotions are likely to have a higher chance compared to others in the market (Johnson). Moreover, the health

ECO MOD 2 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ECO MOD 2 CA - Essay Example This was mainly due to the impairment charges of  £973mn related to ex-Armor Holdings business. BAE: The net operating cash flow has a mixed trend declining by 17.9% in 2008 and then growing by 9.1% in 2009. This is due to the company facing difficulties in generating net income from its operations. Upon examination of note 12 to balance sheet for the year ended 2009 it could be suggested that the machinery and other equipment recorded at historical cost of CHF677.9mn and accumulated depreciation is CHF477.7mn may not be reflective of the current market values as the depreciation amount is quite high that suggests long history of these equipments in use. Similar, reasoning could be made for other non-current assets that have a net book value of CHF53.4mn as compared to their historical value of CHF223.2mn (Sulzer 2009). Balance sheet of year ended 2009 reflects that the company has plant, rental machines and other property at historical cost of $39,596 with accumulated depreciation of $25,431. Under Note H to consolidated financial statement details of assets suggest that the company has land, building and other equipment however they are not distinguished on the basis of their remaining useful lives and no other details are provided (IBM 2009). Accumulated depreciation reflects 64% of the historical value that implies that these assets are quite old but the current values of replacement assets surely going to be higher than these values. From the note 12 it is clear that the accumulated depreciation is more than 50% for plant and machinery and aircraft. This implies that the remaining useful life of these assets is low and their net book values may not reflect the true value of these assets in their book. The depreciation method used for plant and machinery is straight line method that spreads the economic value over 3 to 5 years which means that the accumulated depreciation value implies high number of years

Changing the age of gambling Essay Example for Free

Changing the age of gambling Essay Everyone has gambled something in their life; it could be betting your baseball cards to see who can eat the most slices of pizza, or who is paying for soft drinks as each races to the nearest QuikTrip when you were kids. But why at the age eighteen, when we are considered adult citizens, do they restrict our rights to gamble in most casinos? If they restricted our rights to gamble, what would be next on their agenda? We need to put a stop to it now, by taking that step to re-evaluate the gambling age at twenty-one. The legalization of gambling at the age of eighteen would bring unity throughout the states, state revenue, and job opportunities. If the United States legalizes the age of gambling to eighteen it would unify all the states and discard all confusion about the age of gambling. Our neighbor from the north, Canada, has legalized gambling to the age of eighteen and prospered vastly from it. Currently, there are casinos in Las Vegas, Atlantic City, etc. that are for the ages of twenty-one. But on the contrary, there are currently casinos on cruises and Indian reservations that are for the ages of eighteen (United 22). If America wanted to set an example for all the countries around the world, they must show more consistency with their own policies. Changing the age of gambling uniformly throughout the states has more benefits than disadvantages. The main argument against changing the gambling age was the addiction that it would bring to the people. The addiction of gambling would ruin lives and bring separation between their families (Morris 14). But why all of sudden does the government care about ruining peoples lives and separation between families? Take for instance, all the lives the government ruined through wrongfully accusing victims that are sitting in prison for no apparent reason. Also, look at how unjust that as an eighteen year old adult can serve for our country and risk their lives by being separated from our family but are still not allowed to gamble. The government does not need to put so much restriction on the minor problems, with this resolution it would allow them to focus on the major issues in the United States today. The unification of the gambling age like Canada has vastly increased the economy with casinos. Gambling in Canada has a net economic benefit that was equivalent to $3. 044 billion in 1995, up from $526 million in the 1990 economy (Council 3). Casinos in Las Vegas made $6. 1 billion in revenue since the first one opened (Council 5). Las Vegas revenue would easily triple if the legal gambling age was changed to eighteen. There tends to be casinos on Indian reservation that was for eighteen year olds and seemed very busy. Not only do they make money, but a large amount of the money was made from eighteen year olds who are attracted from surrounding cities according to one of the blackjack dealers. When the Aztar Casino opened up in Evansville, Indiana, gambling opponents feared that it would increase crime rates and encourage prostitution in the state. One would almost say that they were disappointed when their prophecies didnt prove true (Morris 19). The statistics have failed to support either the claim that the casino has caused a crime increase or any other negative expectations. As more states allowed gambling casinos in the past decade, the consensus was that casinos lowered the crime rate in the communities in which they were located. Lobbyists, developers and management pointed to studies showing dips in the crime rate after a flurry of casino construction in the 1990s (Morris 19). Casinos would become busier with the change of age to legally gamble and in return hire more positions. The gambling industry has become a major employer in most provinces in Canada, employment in the gaming industry increased from 11,900 to 39,200, an increase of 330% (Earl 7), and in Las Vegas every casino has at least 4000 employees (Earl 8). According to the 2000 census, there are about 1. 1 million eighteen year olds in the United States. Casinos would gain more business and hire more employees because of the increased business. People gambled for a variety of reasons, whether for a break from their daily lives, the thrills of the chase, or the challenge of beating the odds. Gambling should not be restricted to a certain age or to a certain area. If we legalized the age of gambling to eighteen we would bring unity throughout the states. Changing the gambling age to eighteen could maximize the states revenues through people being employed and people constantly visiting. There should be a change of the gambling age to eighteen because this policy would restrict and violate our rights as citizens within the United States. Works Cited Council of State Governments, Gambling; A Source of State Revenue Lexington: RM, 1973. Earl L. Grinols, Gambling in America: Cost and Benefits New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Morris Ploscowe and Edwin J. Lukas, Gambling: American Academy of Political and Social Science Philadelphia: Annals, 1950. United States Congress: Senate- Select Committee on Indian Affairs, Gambling on Indian Reservations and Lands Washington D. C. : G. P. O. , 1985.

Delivery Methods for Treatment of Tuberculosis

Delivery Methods for Treatment of Tuberculosis INTRODUCTION The Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod-shaped bacillus bacterium which is responsible for an infectious disease tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is chronic bacterial, air borne, contagious disease, which commonly affects lungs and spreads from person to person when active TB patient expels bacteria by coughing or sneezing.(Villemagne et al., 2012). After HIV, Tuberculosis claims world’s second deadliest disease caused by single infectious agent.(Moualeu et al., 2015). In worlds population, one third of individuals are infected with dormant infection, but only 10% of infected people will be symptomatic.(Villemagne et al., 2012). As mentioned in WHO data, yearly global tuberculosis report 2014, it is estimated that 9 million people were symptomatic and develop active TB and out of them, 1.5 million people were died in 2013. Probability of occurrence of TB in HIV patients is high because 360000 out of the 1.5 million deaths were HIV positive. Most of TB cases occur in poorest countrie s like South-East Asia and West Pacific and African regions. It also affects countries like India and China to some extent. Tuberculosis is a preventable and curable disease with effective diagnosis and treatment because 37 million lives were saved between 2000 and 2013.(WHO,2014). The effective treatment of tuberculosis follows multi drug regimens, in which first-line therapy includes four drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) administered during initial intensive stage for two months and followed by continuous phase with rifampicin and isoniazid for four months.(Sosnik et al., 2010). When first-line drugs are mismanaged, therapeutic failure occurs, which leads to multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) which is difficult to treat. Then second line agents such as flouroquinolones and aminoglycosides are given, which are more expensive, more toxicity and less potent. Next stage follows extensively drug resistant TB(XDR-TB) which occurs when second line agents are misused, and disease becomes severe.(Kaur and Singh, 2014). Rifampicin is one of the potent and effective antibiotic and is first drug of choice for long term continuous therapy (six months) and it is having severe side effects as acute renal failure, hepatotoxicity.(Son and McConville, 2011). Chemical name of rifampicin is 3-[[(4-methyl-1-piperazynl)imino]-methyl]-rifamycin.(Argekar et al., 1996). It shows bactericidal activity by binding to ÃŽ ²-subunit of the DNA dependent RNA polymerase and inhibits the bacterial RNA synthesis. Rifampicin facing severe toxicity problems can be solved by reducing the frequency of administration and maintaining a controlled release which is possible by lipid based nanoparticles.(Labuschagne et al., 2014). It is classified as BCS class Ó Ãƒâ€œÃ‚  drug (low solubility and high permeability) and due to poor aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, this drug is best suitable for lipid based nanocarriers which shows good lipid solubility.(Moretton et al., 2010). Cubosomes are lipid based sub-micron, discrete nanoparticles of liquid crystalline phase with cubic crystallographic symmetry.(Achouri et al., 2014). When amphiphilic lipid is made contact with excess water then it forms a self-assembled liquid crystalline structure of bicontinuous cubic phase and inverse hexagonal phases.(Nguyen et al., 2011). Cubosomes are composed of a lipid and surfactant, first lipid (monoolein) due to its amphiphilic nature it has an ability to solubilize both hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules. It is non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible material, which is approved by FDA inactive ingredients. Second hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant (poloxamer 407), it is triblock copolymer two hydrophilic blocks of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydrophobic block of polypropylene oxide (PPO) that is (PEO-PPO-PEO).(Achouri et al., 2014). Cubosomes are best suitable for poorly water soluble drugs, and they increase solubilisation of drug and m aintain controlled release.(Boyd, 2003) Rifampicin is the only lipophilic drug in all anti-TB first-line drugs. This drug delivery system enhances drug solubility and bioavailability and reduces toxicity and maintains controlled release at the target site. In this study, we prepared rifampicin loaded cubosomes by hot melt method. The main objective of the study to reduce the dose and maintain controlled release, and it is also capable of increasing solubility and bioavailability of the drug. The optimized formulation ratio was fixed by the results obtained by varying dependent and independent variables using response surface methodology (RSM) with a 3 ² full factorial design. Materials Methods Rifampicin was obtained as a free sample from Lupin (Lupin pharmaceuticals, Pune), Peceol was purchased from and poloxamer 407 was purchased from and millipore water was used for all experiments. Preparation of rifampicin loaded cubosomes Rifampicin loaded cubosomes are prepared by using hot melt method.(Boyd, 2003). In this method, Peceol, poloxamer 407 and drug were taken as organic phase and mixed until the drug is completely entrapped in the dispersed phase. And then organic phase and aqueous phase (water) were heated at 70 ºC and aqueous phase was added slowly to organic phase under stirring. Then bulk cubic gel was fragmented by high speed homogenisation (Ultraturrax, 12000rpm) for 10 minutes and ultrasonication for 5minutes. The final dispersion was stored at room temperature. Experimental design References Achouri, D., Sergent, M., Tonetto, A., Piccerelle, P., Andrieu, V., Hornebecq, V., 2014. Self-assembled liquid crystalline nanoparticles as an ophthalmic drug delivery system. Part II: optimization of formulation variables using experimental design. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 9045, 1–9. doi:10.3109/03639045.2014.884113 Argekar, A.P., Kunjir, S.S., Purandare, K.S., 1996. Simultaneous determination of rifampicin , isoniazid and pyrazinamid by high performance thin layer chromatography 14, 1645–1650. Boyd, B., 2003. Characterisation of drug release from cubosomes using the pressure ultrafiltration method. Int. J. Pharm. 260, 239–247. doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00262-X Kaur, I.P., Singh, H., 2014. Nanostructured drug delivery for better management of tuberculosis. J. Control. Release 184, 36–50. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.009 Labuschagne, P.W., Adami, R., Liparoti, S., Naidoo, S., Swai, H., Reverchon, E., 2014. Preparation of rifampicin/poly(d,l-lactice) nanoparticles for sustained release by supercritical assisted atomization technique. J. Supercrit. Fluids 95, 106–117. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2014.08.004 Moretton, M. a, Glisoni, R.J., Chiappetta, D. a, Sosnik, A., 2010. Molecular implications in the nanoencapsulation of the anti-tuberculosis drug rifampicin within flower-like polymeric micelles. Colloids Surf. B. Biointerfaces 79, 467–79. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.05.016 Moualeu, D.P., Weiser, M., Ehrig, R., Deuflhard, P., 2015. Optimal control for a tuberculosis model with undetected cases in Cameroon. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 20, 986–1003. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.06.037 Nguyen, T.-H., Hanley, T., Porter, C.J.H., Boyd, B.J., 2011. Nanostructured liquid crystalline particles provide long duration sustained-release effect for a poorly water soluble drug after oral administration. J. Control. Release 153, 180–6. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.033 Son, Y.-J., McConville, J.T., 2011. A new respirable form of rifampicin. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 78, 366–76. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.02.004 Sosnik, A., Carcaboso, A.M., Glisoni, R.J., Moretton, M. a, Chiappetta, D. a, 2010. New old challenges in tuberculosis: potentially effective nanotechnologies in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 547–59. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.023 Villemagne, B., Crauste, C., Flipo, M., Baulard, A.R., Dà ©prez, B., Willand, N., 2012. Tuberculosis: the drug development pipeline at a glance. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 51, 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.033 WHO 2014, n.d.